Mitigación de las emisiones de Carbono: políticas basadas en el mercado frente a políticas de apoyo tecnológico
Palabras clave:
impuestos al carbono, regresiones cuantiles, regulación
Resumen
Se están utilizando varios instrumentos políticos para reducir las emisiones de carbono, que son la causa fundamental de cambio climático. Este estudio tiene como objetivo probar empíricamente el impacto de las políticas basadas en el mercado y los programas de apoyo tecnológico en las emisiones de carbono, y revelar qué política es más efectiva en la mitigación. Para ello, se utilizó el conjunto de datos de 19 países de la OCDE para el período 1994-2019. Los resultados del análisis cuantílico del panel confirman que los coeficientes de política varían según los valores de la variable dependiente. En consecuencia, la rigurosidad de las políticas basadas en el mercado es efectiva para reducir las emisiones, y el efecto aumenta con valores altos de carbono. No se encontraron efectos significativos para los programas de apoyo tecnológico.
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Fan, Y., Liu, L., Wu, G., & Wei, Y. (2006). Analyzing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26, 377-395.
Galeotti, M., Lanza, A., & Pauli, F. (2006). Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A robustness exercise. Ecological Economics, 57, 152-163.
Gokmenoglu, K., & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and fdi: The case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25, 706-723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B.(1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, , 110, 353–377.
Hanif, I., Raza, S. M. F., Gago-de-Santos, P., & Abbas, Q. (2019). Fossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: Some empirical evidence. Energy, 171, 493-501.
Hao, Y., Deng, Y., Nu,Z., & Chen, H. (2018). Is environmental regulation effective in China? Evidence from city-level panel data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 966-976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.003
Hao, Y., & Liu, Y. M. (2015). Has the development of fdi and foreign trade contributed to China’s CO2 emissions? An empirical study with provincial panel data. Natural Hazards, 76, 1079–1091.
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Heidari, H., Turan Katircioglu, S., & Saeidpour, L. (2015). Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and energy consumption in the five ASEAN countries. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 64, 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.081
Hubler, M. (2017). The inequality-emissions nexus in the context of trade and development: A quantile regression approach. Ecological Economics, 134, 174–185
Koenker, R., & Basset, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica, 46, 33-50.
Kruse, T., Dechezleprêtre, A., Saffar, R., & Robert, L. (2022). Measuring environmental policy stringency in OECD countries: An update of the OECD composite EPS indicator. Retrieved from OECD website: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/measuring-environmental-policy-stringency-in-oecd-countries_5jxrjnc45gvg-en
Liddle, B. (2015). What are the carbon emissions elasticities for income and population? Bridging STIRPAT and EKC via robust heterogenous panel estimates. Global Environmental Change, 31, 62-73.
Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: Revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31, 317-343. https://doi.org./10.1007/s11111-010-0101-5
Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933-32943. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11356-020-09469-7
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Liobikiene, G., & Butkus, M. (2019). Scale, composition, and technique effects through which the economic growth, foreign direct investment, urbanization, and trade affect greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable Energy, 132, 1310-1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.032
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Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Retrieved from IZA website: https://docs.iza.org/dp1240.pdf
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Pethig, R. (1976). Pollution, welfare and environmental policy in the theory of comparative advantage. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2, 160-169.
Rafindadi A. A., Muye, I. M., &. Kaita, R. A. (2018). The effects of fdi and energy consumption on environmental pollution in predominantly resource-based economies of the GCC. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 25, 126-137.
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Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade openness-carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Economics, 61, 21-232.
Shuai, C., Chen, X., Wu, Y., Tan, Y. Zhang, Y., & Shen, L. (2018). Identifying the key impact factors of carbon emission in China: Results from a largely expanded pool of potential impact factors. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 612-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.097
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Ahmed, K., & Ahmed, S. (2018). A predictive analysis of CO2 emissions, environmental policy stringency, and economic growth in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 16091-16100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1849-x
Alam, M., Murad, W., Noman, A. H., & Ozturk, I. (2016). Relationships among carbon emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and population growth: Testing Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for Brazil, China, India and Indonesia. Ecological Indicators, 70, 466-479.
Allard, A., Takman, J., Uddin, G. S., & Ahmed, A. (2018). The n-shaped environmental Kuznets curve: An empirical evaluation using a panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 5848-5861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0907-0
Aydin, C., & Esen, Ö. (2018). Reducing CO2 emissions in the EU member states: Do environmental taxes work?. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 61, 2396–2420. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2017.1395731
Awan, A. M., & Azam, M. (2022). Evaluating the impact of GDP per capita on environmental degradation for G-20 economies: Does N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exist?. Environment, Development, and Sustainability, 24, 11103-11126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01899-8
Bae, J. H., Li, D. D., & Rishi, M. (2017). Determinants of CO2 emission for Post-Soviet Union Independent Countries. Climate Policy, 17, 591-615. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2015.1124751
Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Gokmenoglu, K. K., Taspinar, N., & Cantos-Cantos, J. M. (2019). An approach to the pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses in MINT countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 23010‒23026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05446-x
Begum, R. A., Sohag, K., Abdullah, S. M. S., & Jaafar, M. (2015). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic and population growth in Malaysia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 41,594-601. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.205
Bento, J. P. C., & Moutinho,, V. (2016). CO2 emissions, non-renewable and renewable electricity production, economic growth, and international trade in Italy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 55, 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.151
Bese, E., Friday, S. S.,& Ozden, C. (2022). Coal consumption environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in China and Australia: Evidence from ARDL model. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 22(11), 25-26
Botta, E., & Kozluk. T. (2014). Measuring environmental policy stringency in OECD countries: A composite index approach. Retrieved from OECD website: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/measuring-environmental-policy-stringency-in-oecd-countries_5jxrjnc45gvg- en.
Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier test and its implications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239‒253.
Cade B., & Noon, B. (2003). A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1(8), 412–420.
De Angelis, E. M., Di Giacomo, M., & Vannoni, D. (2019). Climate change and economic growth: The role of environmental policy stringency. Sustainability, 11(2273), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082273
Demiral, M., Akca, E. E., & Tekin, I. (2021). Predictors of global carbon dioxide emissions: Do stringent environmental policies differ?. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23. 18337-18361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01444-7
Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94, 175-179.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of Economics and Statistics, 80, 549-560.
Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of population growth. Science, 171, 1212-1217. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1212
Essandoh, O. K., Islam, M., & Kakinaka, M. (2020). Linking international trade and foreign direct investment to CO2 emissions: Any differences between developed and developing countries?”. Science of the Total Environment, 712, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136437
Fan, Y., Liu, L., Wu, G., & Wei, Y. (2006). Analyzing impact factors of CO2 emissions using the STIRPAT model. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26, 377-395.
Galeotti, M., Lanza, A., & Pauli, F. (2006). Reassessing the environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A robustness exercise. Ecological Economics, 57, 152-163.
Gokmenoglu, K., & Taspinar, N. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and fdi: The case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25, 706-723. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2015.1119876
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B.(1995). Economic growth and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, , 110, 353–377.
Hanif, I., Raza, S. M. F., Gago-de-Santos, P., & Abbas, Q. (2019). Fossil fuels, foreign direct investment, and economic growth have triggered CO2 emissions in emerging Asian economies: Some empirical evidence. Energy, 171, 493-501.
Hao, Y., Deng, Y., Nu,Z., & Chen, H. (2018). Is environmental regulation effective in China? Evidence from city-level panel data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 188, 966-976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.04.003
Hao, Y., & Liu, Y. M. (2015). Has the development of fdi and foreign trade contributed to China’s CO2 emissions? An empirical study with provincial panel data. Natural Hazards, 76, 1079–1091.
Hashmi, R., & Alam, K. (2019). Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation, innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, 1100-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.325
He, Z., Xu, S., Shen, W., Long, R., & Chen, H. (2017). Impact of urbanization on energy related CO2 emission at different development levels: Regional difference in China base on panel estimation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 1719-1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.155
Heidari, H., Turan Katircioglu, S., & Saeidpour, L. (2015). Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and energy consumption in the five ASEAN countries. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 64, 785–791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.07.081
Hubler, M. (2017). The inequality-emissions nexus in the context of trade and development: A quantile regression approach. Ecological Economics, 134, 174–185
Koenker, R., & Basset, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica, 46, 33-50.
Kruse, T., Dechezleprêtre, A., Saffar, R., & Robert, L. (2022). Measuring environmental policy stringency in OECD countries: An update of the OECD composite EPS indicator. Retrieved from OECD website: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/measuring-environmental-policy-stringency-in-oecd-countries_5jxrjnc45gvg-en
Liddle, B. (2015). What are the carbon emissions elasticities for income and population? Bridging STIRPAT and EKC via robust heterogenous panel estimates. Global Environmental Change, 31, 62-73.
Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: Revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31, 317-343. https://doi.org./10.1007/s11111-010-0101-5
Mert, M., & Caglar, A. E. (2020). Testing pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses for Turkey: A new perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 32933-32943. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11356-020-09469-7
Lau, L. S., Choong, C. K., & Eng, Y. K. (2014). Investigation of the environmental Kuznets curve for carbon emissions in Malaysia: Do foreign direct investment and trade matter? Energy Policy, 68, 490–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.002
Liobikiene, G., & Butkus, M. (2019). Scale, composition, and technique effects through which the economic growth, foreign direct investment, urbanization, and trade affect greenhouse gas emissions. Renewable Energy, 132, 1310-1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.09.032
Neves, S. A., Antonio, C. M. & Patricio, M. (2020). Determinants of CO2 emissions in European Union countries: Does environmental regulation reduce environmental pollution? Economic Analysis and Policy, 68, 114-125.
OECD.stat. (2022). Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Statistics. Retrieved from https://stats.oecd.org/
Our World in Data (2022). Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fossil-fuels-per-capita
Ozcan, B. (2013). The nexus between carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Middle East countries: A panel data analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1138-1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.016
Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. Retrieved from ILO website: http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/1993/93B09_31_engl.pdf
Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogenous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(special issue), 653-670.
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Retrieved from IZA website: https://docs.iza.org/dp1240.pdf
Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265-312.
Pesaran, M. H., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross- section independence. The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105‒127.
Pethig, R. (1976). Pollution, welfare and environmental policy in the theory of comparative advantage. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 2, 160-169.
Rafindadi A. A., Muye, I. M., &. Kaita, R. A. (2018). The effects of fdi and energy consumption on environmental pollution in predominantly resource-based economies of the GCC. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 25, 126-137.
Saboori, B., & Sulaiman, J. (2013). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries: A co-integration approach. Energy, 55, 813‒822.
Satterthwaite, D., (2009). The implications of population growth and urbanization for climate change, environment & urbanization. 21(2), 545-567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247809344361
Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K., & Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade openness-carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Economics, 61, 21-232.
Shuai, C., Chen, X., Wu, Y., Tan, Y. Zhang, Y., & Shen, L. (2018). Identifying the key impact factors of carbon emission in China: Results from a largely expanded pool of potential impact factors. Journal of Cleaner Production, 175, 612-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.12.097
Sohag, K., Mariev, O., & Davidson, N. (2021). Revising environmental Kuznets curve in Russian regions: Role of environmental policy stringency. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 52873–52886. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14515-z
Stern, D. I., Common, M. S., & Barbier, E. B. (1996). Economic growth and environmental degradation: The environmental Kuznets curve and sustainable development. World Development, 24(7), 1151–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(96)00032-0
Walter, I., & Ugelov, J. (1979). Environmental policies in developing countries, Ambio, 8, 102-109.
Wang, X., & Shao, Q. (2019). Non-linear effects of heterogeneous environmental regulations on green growth in G20 countries: Evidence from panel threshold regression, Science of the Total Environment, 660, 1346-1354.
Wang K., Yan, M., Wang, Y. & Chang, C. P. (2020). The impact of environmental policy stringency on air quality, Atmospheric Environment 231. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117522
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Publicado
2024-12-13
Cómo citar
Akbulut, H. (2024). Mitigación de las emisiones de Carbono: políticas basadas en el mercado frente a políticas de apoyo tecnológico. Revista de Economía Mundial, (68), 117-140. https://doi.org/10.33776/rem.vi68.7824
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