STEM y comercio internacional en clave de género: los casos de Brasil, Chile y México
Palabras clave:
Resumen
El avance de las carreras STEM (Ciencia, Tecnología, Ingeniería y Matemáticas) en Latinoamérica es clave para el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación, potenciando la economía y la competitividad a través del comercio, que fomenta la inversión en I+D. Este estudio examina el impacto de las oportunidades económicas del comercio internacional en la brecha de género de los profesionales formados en STEM. Los resultados señalan que las exportaciones de servicios de alto valor añadido favorecen la inclusión laboral de las mujeres. No obstante, la segregación de género sigue siendo un obstáculo significativo para cerrar esta brecha y manifiesta una persistencia de los roles de género.
Descargas
Altmetrics
Citas
Aguayo-Téllez, E. (2012). The Impact of Trade Liberalization Policies and FDI on Gender Inequalities. A Literature Review. World Development Report 2012, Background Paper.
Almasifard, M. (2018). Gender wage gap in selected developing upper-middle income countries. International Journal of Development Issues, 17(2), 142–156. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDI-07-2017-0126
Al-Nimri, A., Shawawareh, F., and Altarawneh, Y. (2023). How Does Trade Openness and Economic Growth Affect Gender Gap: A Cross-Country Study. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 14(8), 29.
Alvarado, R., Iñiguez, M., and Ponce, P. (2017). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Latin America. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56, 176–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.09.006
Arora, D., Braunstein, E., and Seguino, S. (2021). A macro-micro analysis of gender segregation and job quality in Latin America (Working Paper 2021/86). WIDER Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU- WIDER/2021/026-9
Arora, D., Braunstein, E., and Seguino, S. (2023). A macro analysis of gender segregation and job quality in Latin America. World Development, 164, 106153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106153
Arredondo Trapero, F. G., Vázquez Parra, J. C., and Velázquez Sánchez, L. M. (2019). STEM and Gender Gap in Latin America. Revista de El Colegio de San Luis, 9(18), 137–158. https://doi.org/10.21696/rcsl9182019947
Artecona, R., and Cunningham, W. (2002). Effects of trade liberalization on the gender wage gap in Mexico. World Bank Group. https:// documents.worldbank.org/pt/publication/documents-reports/ documentdetail/860271468049793708/effects-of-trade-liberalization- on-the-gender-wage-gap-in-mexico
Atal, J., Ñopo, H., and Winder, N. (2009). New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America (SSRN Scholarly Paper 1815933). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1815933
Aulakh, P. S., Kotabe, M., and Teegen, H. (2000). Export Strategies and Performance of Firms from Emerging Economies: Evidence from Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. The Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), 342–361. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556399
Ben Yahmed, S., and Bombarda, P. (2020). Gender, Informal Employment and Trade Liberalization in Mexico. The World Bank Economic Review, 34(2), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhy020
Benguria, F., and Ederington, J. (2023). Decomposing the effect of trade on the gender wage gap. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne d’économique, 56(3), 1082–1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12668
Berniell, I., Berniell, L., Mata, D. de la, Edo, M., and Marchionni, M. (2021).
Gender gaps in labor informality: The motherhood effect. Journal of Development Economics, 150, 102599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jdeveco.2020.102599
Berniell, I., Gasparini, L., Marchionni, M., and Viollaz, M. (2023). The role of children and work-from-home in gender labor market asymmetries: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. Review of Economics of the Household, 21(4), 1191–1214. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11150-023-09648-8
Black,S.E.,andBrainerd,E.(2004).Importingequality?Theimpactofglobalization on gender discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 57(4), 540–559. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979390405700404
Bruno, B., and Faggini, M. (2021). To be a STEM or not to be a STEM: Why do countries differ? Growth and Change, 52(3), 1535–1551. https://doi. org/10.1111/grow.12494
Bustelo, M., Flabbi, L., Piras, C., and Tejada, M. (2019). Female labor force participation, labor market dynamic, and growth (Working Paper IDB- WP-966). IDB Working Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.18235/0001449
Campillay, P. (2024). Women in global trade: Challenges faced by STEM micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in Chile. Latin American Journal of Trade Policy, 6(18), 2.
Campos-Romero, H., and Blanco-Varela, B. (2023). The Reduction of the Gender Gap Through Global Value Chains: Political Commitment or Perpetuation of Gender Roles? Revista de Economía Mundial, 65. https:// doi.org/10.33776/rem.vi65.7899
Cuberes, D., Saravia, F., and Teignier, M. (2022). Gender gaps in STEM occupations in Costa Rica, El Salvador and Mexico. https://diposit.ub.edu/ dspace/handle/2445/189982
de García Ucero, C. (2023). Influencia de la “brecha de género STEM” en la segregación horizontal de las oficiales femeninas en las Fuerzas Armadas Españolas. Cuestiones de Género: de la igualdad y la diferencia, 18, Article
https://doi.org/10.18002/cg.i18.7548
de Mello, L., and Moccero, D. (2011). Monetary policy and macroeconomic stability in Latin America: The cases of Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico. Journal of International Money and Finance, 30(1), 229–245. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2010.08.002
Delgado Cadena, M. V. (2020). Gender job gaps and challenges in the digital economy: Findings from global governance entities. Cuadernos de Administración (Universidad Del Valle), 36(67), 158–171. https://doi. org/10.25100/cdea.v36i67.8767
Desposato, S., and Norrander, B. (2009). The Gender Gap in Latin America: Contextual and individual influences on gender and political participation. British Journal of Political Science, 39(1), 141–162. Scopus. https://doi. org/10.1017/S0007123408000458
Diekman, A. B., Brown, E. R., Johnston, A. M., and Clark, E. K. (2010). Seeking
Congruity Between Goals and Roles: A New Look at Why Women Opt Out of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Careers. Psychological Science, 21(8), 1051–1057. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610377342
Esteve, A., Castro-Martín, T., and Castro Torres, A. F. (2022). Families in Latin America: Trends, Singularities, and Contextual Factors. Annual Review of Sociology, 48(1), 485–505. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-
soc-030420-015156
European Commission. (2022). Bridging the gender gap in STEM: Strengthening opportunities for women in research and innovation. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2777/774922
Evagorou, M., Puig, B., Bayram, D., and Janeckova, H. (2024). Addressing the gender gap in STEM education across educational levels: Analytical report. Publications Office of the European Union. https://data.europa.eu/ doi/10.2766/260477
Farokhi, S. (2015). Global STEM: Opportunities and Challenges. 2015(4), 22. https://doi.org/10.5339/qproc.2015.elc2014.22
García-Holgado, A., Mena, J., García-Peñalvo, F. J., Pascual, J., Heikkinen, M., Harmoinen, S., García-Ramos, L., Peñabaena-Niebles, R., and Amores, L. (2020). Gender equality in STEM programs: A proposal to analyse the situation of a university about the gender gap. 2020 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 1824–1830. https://doi. org/10.1109/EDUCON45650.2020.9125326
García-Peñalvo, F. J., García-Holgado, A., Domínguez, Á., and Pascual, J. (2022). Women in STEM in Higher Education: Good Practices of Attraction, Access and Retainment in Higher Education | SpringerLink. https://link. springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-1552-9
Haveman, H. A., and Beresford, L. S. (2012). If You’re So Smart, Why Aren’t You the Boss? Explaining the Persistent Vertical Gender Gap in Management. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 639(1), 114–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716211418443
Jergins, W. (2023). Gender equity and the gender gap in STEM: Is there really a paradox? Journal of Population Economics, 36(4), 3029–3056. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00148-023-00959-9
Korinek, J., Moïsé, E., and Tange, J. (2021). Trade and gender: A Framework of analysis. OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/6db59d80-en
Kräft, C. (2022). Equal pay behind the “Glass Door”? The gender gap in upper management in a male-dominated industry. Gender, Work and Organization, 29(6), 1910–1926. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12890
Kutlina-Dimitrova, Z., Piñero, P., and Rueda-Cantuche, J. (2022). Gender patterns of EU exports: Jobs and wage differentials (DG TRADE Chief Economist Notes 2022–1). Directorate General for Trade, European Commission. https://econpapers.repec.org/paper/risdgtcen/2022_5f001. htm
Lara-Prieto, V., Vázquez-Villegas, P., Mejía-Manzano, L. A., Caratozzolo, P., García-García, R. M., Membrillo-Hernández, J., and Ruiz-Cantisani, M. I. (2023). Women inspiring women in STEM professional careers: Journeys from Latin America. 2023-July. Scopus.
Marinova, G., Canese, V., Delorme, L., and Chowdhury, F. (2022). Women in STEM in Paraguay. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 55(39), 192–197. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.12.055
Maurer, J. (2011). Education and male-female differences in later-life cognition: International evidence from Latin America and the Caribbean. Demography, 48(3), 915–930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-011-0048-x
Mellado, C., Moreira, S. V., Lagos, C., and Hernández, M. E. (2012). Comparing journalism cultures in Latin America: The case of Chile, Brazil and Mexico. International Communication Gazette, 74(1), 60–77. https://doi. org/10.1177/1748048511426994
Morais Maceira, H. (2017). Economic Benefits of Gender Equality in the EU.
Intereconomics, 52(3), 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-017-
-4
Morales Inga, S. M., and Morales Tristán, O. M. (2020). ¿Por qué hay pocas mujeres científicas? Una revisión de literatura sobre la brecha de género en carreras STEM. aDResearch ESIC International Journal of Communication Research, 22(22), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.7263/adresic-022-06
Ñopo, H., Atal, J., and Winder, N. (2010). New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America (SSRN Scholarly Paper 1651710). https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1651710
Osorio, C., Ojeda-Caicedo, V. V., Villa, J. L., and Contreras-Ortiz, S. H. (2020). Participation of women in STEM higher education programs in Latin america: The issue of inequality. Proceedings of the LACCEI international Multi-conference for Engineering, Education and Technology. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.18687/LACCEI2020.1.1.368
Pamplona, E., Fiirst, C., Silva, T. B. de J., Zonatto, V. C. da S., Pamplona, E., Fiirst, C., Silva, T. B. de J., and Zonatto, V. C. da S. (2016). Sticky costs in cost behavior of the largest companies in Brazil, Chile and Mexico. Contaduría y Administración, 61(4), 682–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. cya.2016.06.007
Reilly, D. (2012). Gender, culture, and sex-typed cognitive abilities. PLoS ONE,
(7). Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039904
Rodil Marzábal, Ó., and Martín Ruiz, J. M. (2021). Las relaciones intersectoriales de México con Estados Unidos y China desde una perspectiva de intensidad tecnológica (2000-2014). https://repositorio.altecasociacion. org/handle/20.500.13048/1508
Rodríguez, A., and Nájera, R. (2015). Promoting STEM Careers and ICT4D by Using Robotics to Reduce the Gender Gap in a Rural Region. International Journal of Intelligent Computing Research, 6(3), 592–600. https://doi. org/10.20533/ijicr.2042.4655.2015.0074
Sáinz, M. (2020). Brechas y sesgos de género en la elección de estudios STEM
¿Por qué ocurren y cómo actuar para eliminarlas? (84). Centro de Estudios Andaluces. https://www.centrodeestudiosandaluces.es/publicaciones/n-84-brechas-y-sesgos-de-genero-en-la-eleccion-de-estudios-stem-por-que- ocurren-y-como-actuar-para-eliminarlas
Saure, P., and Zoabi, H. (2014). International trade, the gender wage gap and female labor force participation. Journal of Development Economics, 111, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2014.07.003
Seguino, S. (2006). The great equalizer?: Globalization affects on gender equality in Latin America and the Caribbean. In Globalization and the Myths of Free Trade. Routledge.
Sepehrivand, A. (2017). The Effect of Government Size and Trade Openness on Gender Wage Gap in Developing Countries during 2001–2013. The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 60(3), 501–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s41027-018-0105-8
Siekmann, G. (2016). What is STEM?: The need for unpacking its definitions and applications. National Centre for Vocational Education Research. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/What-is-STEM%3A-the-need-for- unpacking-its-and-Siekmann/53de8afe1ff18d73747dfff64bd31e682074 60a3
Tacsir, E., Grazzi, M., and Castillo, R. (2014). Women in Science and Technology: What Does the Literature Say? [Working Paper]. BID. https://repositorio. minedu.gob.pe/handle/20.500.12799/3376
Tejada, M., Piras, C., Flabbi, L., and Bustelo, M. (2021). Gender Gaps in Latin American Labor Markets: Implications from an Estimated Search Model. Annals of Economics and Statistics, 142, 111–178. https://doi. org/10.15609/annaeconstat2009.142.0111
Tekgüç, H., and Akbulut, B. (2022). A Multidimensional Approach to the Gender Gap in Poverty: An Application for Turkey. Feminist Economics, 28(2), 119–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.2003837
UNESCO. (2019). Gender-responsive STEM education: Empowering girls and women for the jobs of today and tomorrow. UNESCO. https://unesdoc. unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366803
Verdugo-Castro, S., García-Holgado, A., and Sánchez-Gómez, M. C. (2021). Interviews of Spanish women in STEM: A multimedia analysis about their experiences. Eighth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality, 225–230. https://doi. org/10.1145/3434780.3436693
Vicente, M. R., and Muñiz, A. S. G. (2021). A multidimensional analysis of the digital gender gap in European Union Member States. In Technology and Women’s Empowerment. Routledge.
Villalobos, L. D., and Grossman, F. B. (2008). Did the trade reform bring about gender wage equality in Mexican industry? http://hdl.handle. net/1853/35086
Wang, M.-T., and Degol, J. L. (2017). Gender Gap in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): Current Knowledge, Implications for Practice, Policy, and Future Directions. Educational Psychology Review,
(1), 119–140. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-015-9355-x
World Economic Forum. (2020). The Future of Jobs Report 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/the-future-of-jobs- report-2023/
Zhang, A. T., Patnaik, S., Jha, S., Agrawal, S., Gould, C. F., and Urpelainen, J. (2022). Evidence of multidimensional gender inequality in energy services from a large-scale household survey in India. Nature Energy, 7(8), 698–
Los artículos enviados para su evaluación en REM habrán de ser originales, no haber sido publicados con anterioridad, totalmente o en parte, tanto en otras revistas como en cualquier medio de difusión (incluyendo cualquier página web de acceso público), ni aceptados para su publicación, ni encontrarse en proceso de evaluación en otros medios de difusión. En caso de que un artículo sometido a evaluación no sea original, REM se reserva el derecho a no aceptar para su evaluación más artículos de sus autores. Una vez que los artículos comienzan el proceso de revisión, el derecho a imprimirlos y difundirlos corresponde a REM (tanto del artículo completo como partes del mismo, si REM considera que son partes sustanciales). El reconocimiento de este derecho se entiende implícito en la decisión del autor de someter el artículo a evaluación por REM. Estos derechos vuelven al autor en caso de que el artículo sea rechazado.
REM permite el acceso abierto completo a todos los contenidos publicados, lo que supone que todos los artículos estarán disponibles a los usuarios inmediatamente después de su publicación. El uso y distribución no comercial de los mismos está permitido siempre que se cite la autoría y fuente.
Los contenidos de REM se rigen bajo licencia Creative Commons (CC-BY).
Todas las personas que han trabajado en el artículo deben aparecer como autores del mismo; y todos los autores deben haber realizado una contribución sustancial al mismo. Además, todos los autores deben estar de acuerdo con el orden en que aparecen sus nombres. En caso de disconformidad de algún autor con cualquiera de estos requisitos, REM se reserva el derecho a no publicar el artículo incluso estando aceptado para su publicación.
