Educación sexual en población infantojuvenil con discapacidad del desarrollo y/o intelectual: una revisión sistemática
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Resumen
La discapacidad del desarrollo y la discapacidad intelectual representan condiciones que afectan significativamente la autonomía personal y social de quienes las presentan. La salud sexual, reconocida como un derecho humano fundamental, es un aspecto esencial para el bienestar físico, emocional y social de todas las personas, incluyendo aquellas con discapacidad. Sin embargo, su educación en menores con discapacidad enfrenta importantes desafíos derivados de mitos, estigmas y falta de programas adaptados.
El objetivo general fue conocer el estado actual sobre la educación sexual en población infantojuvenil con discapacidad del desarrollo y/o intelectual. Se plantearon como objetivos específicos analizar las conductas y problemas de salud sexual, examinar metodologías educativas, identificar barreras y reconocer áreas de mejora en la educación sexual de esta población.
Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura, siguiendo la Declaración PRISMA. Se consultaron bases de datos como PubMed, Embase, Scopus, WOS y PsycInfo, seleccionando estudios publicados entre 2020 y 2024 que cumplieran criterios de inclusión específicos. Se aplicaron filtros de calidad mediante indexación en JCR/SJR.
De un total inicial de 791 registros, fueron incluidos 26 estudios. Se identificaron cuatro bloques temáticos: conductas y problemas de salud sexual, metodologías educativas, barreras y áreas de mejora. Destacaron la necesidad de educación sexual adaptada, la eficacia de metodologías visuales e interactivas, barreras socioculturales, escasez de recursos y falta de formación docente y familiar.
La revisión revela carencias en la oferta educativa adaptada y en la formación de docentes y familias, así como la influencia de barreras socioculturales. Los programas que emplean materiales accesibles, estrategias personalizadas y trabajo intersectorial muestran resultados prometedores, aunque persiste una falta de integración sistemática en los centros educativos ordinarios.
Se constata la urgencia de diseñar programas de educación sexual integrales, culturalmente competentes y basados en derechos humanos. Resulta clave invertir en formación específica, desarrollar recursos accesibles y promover la implicación familiar y profesional para garantizar el derecho de estos menores a una educación sexual de calidad.
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