Narratives of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy from the «Invisible Enemy» to the «Health Dictatorship»
Palabras clave:
Narrativa, Pandemia de COVID-19, prensa, Twitter, enemigo invisible, dictadura sanitaria
Resumen
El propósito de este artículo es explicitar las conexiones entre las variables y los objetos problemáticos implicados en la narrativa mediática del riesgo para la salud, ya que las narrativas son también el medio de empujar tanto al individuo como a la comunidad a la acción. Teniendo en cuenta esta afirmación, las preguntas a las que se intentará dar respuesta son: ¿Qué ocurre con la narrativa de un problema social como una pandemia? ¿Y qué ocurrió con la narrativa de la pandemia COVID-19 en Italia? El intento se presentará a través del análisis de la narrativa producida por la prensa diaria italiana en la fase inicial de la pandemia y la narrativa de la plataforma social Twitter (ahora X), que mostrará cómo el encuadre interpretativo predominante se articuló entre la construcción de un «enemigo invisible» y la «dictadura sanitaria».
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Agamben, Giorgio (2005). State of Exception. (K. Attell, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 2003).
Agamben, Giorgio (2020a). A che punto siamo? L’epidemia come politica [Where do we stand? The pandemic as a politics]. Quodlibet.
Agamben, Giorgio (2020b). Quando la casa brucia [When the house burns]. Giometti & Antonello.
Attili, Grazia, Farabollini, Francesca, y Messeri, Patrizia (1996). Il nemico ha la coda. Psicologia e biologia della violenza [The enemy has a tail. Psychology and biology of violence]. Giunti.
Barrie, Christopher, y Ho, Justin Chun-ting (2021). academictwitteR: an R package to access the Twitter Academic Research Product Track v2 API endpoint. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(62), 3272. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03272
Berger, Peter Ludwig, y Luckmann, Thomas (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Penguin Books.
Boccia Artieri, Giovanni (2023). Infodemic Disorder: Covid-19 and Post-truth. In Gevisa La Rocca, Marie-Eve Carignan, y Giovanni Boccia Artieri (Eds.), Infodemic Disorder (pp. 15-30). Palgrave Macmillan.
Candini, Valentina, Brescianini, Sonia, Chiarotti, Flavia, Zarbo, Cristina, Zamparini, Manuel, Caserotti, Marta, Gavaruzzi, Teresa, Girardi, Paolo, Lotto, Lorella, Tasso, Alessandra, Starace, Fabrizio, Calamandrei, Gemma, y de Girolamo, Giovanni (2023). Conspiracy mentality and health-related behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multiwave survey in Italy. Public Health, 214, 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.005
Czarniawska, Barbara (2004). Narratives in Social Science Research. Sage Publications.
Cohen, Stan (2002). Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The creation of the Mods and Rocker. Routledge.
Colombo, Fausto (2018). Imago pietatis. Indagine su fotografia e compassione [Imago pietatis. Investigation of photography and compassion]. Vita e Pensiero.
Cubeddu, Francesca, y Mangone, Emiliana (2024). From Risk to Emergencies: Changes in Cultural and Communication Systems in the Digital Society. Sociologia Italiana, 24, 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1485/2281-2652-202424-3
De Fina, Anna, y Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. (2008). Analysing narratives as practices. Qualitative Research, 8(3), 379-387.
Douglas, Karen M. (2021). COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982068
Erica [@Erica43581765]. (2024, 6 December). SICURI ED EFFICACI. #BOVE #MIOCARDITE #MENTANA #ENRICOMENTANA #TGLA7 #VACCINO #RobertoSperanza #MarioDraghi #DRAGHI #morbillo #PD #PartitoDemocratico #EllySchlein #fabiofazio #xfactor #amici24 #Sinner #Fedez #Chiaraferragni #Ultimo #AngelinaMango #Elodie #Geolier #vascorossi [Imagine attached] [Post]. X (ex Twitter). https://x.com/Erica43581765/status/1864935397077205391?t=pR1r-Isu_Mim_r3C5B1cBg&s=19
Garzonio, Emma, y Nuvoli, Karen (2022). Covid-19, la «dittatura sanitaria». Uno studio comparativo della narrazione antivaccinista in Italia e Francia [Covid-19, the «Health Tiranny». A Comparative Study of the Anti-vaccination Narrative in Italy and France]. Problemi dell’informazione, 3, 383-405.
Geertz, Clifford (1977). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books.
Geertz, Clifford (2001). The World in Pieces: Culture and Politics at the End of the Century. In Clifford Geertz, Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics (pp. 218-263). Princeton University Press.
Girard, René (1977). Violence and the sacred (P. Gregory, Trans.). Johns Hopkins University Press (Original work published 1972).
Girard, René (1986). The scapegoat (Y. Freccero, Trans.). Johns Hopkins University Press (Original work published 1982).
Goffman, Erving (1968). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Penguin Books.
Griswold, Wendy (1994). Cultures and Societies in a Changing World. Pine Forge Press.
Gualda, Estrella, y Rúas, Juan (2019). Conspiracy theories, credibility and trust in information. Communication and Society, 32(1), 179-193.
Gualda, Estrella, Krouwel, Andre, Palacios-Gálvez, Marisol, Morales-Marente, Elena, Rodríguez-Pascual, Iván, y García-Navarro, Esperanza Begoña (2021). Social Distancing and COVID-19: Factors Associated with Compliance with Social Distancing Norms in Spain. Frontiers in Psychoogy, 12:727225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727225
Gualda, Estrella (ed.) (2024). Teorías de la conspiración discursos de odio en línea en la sociedad de las plataformas. Comparación de pautas en las narrativas y redes sociales sobre COVID-19, inmigrantes, refugiados, estudios de género y personas LGTBIQ+. Dykinson.
Hallsby, Atilla (2022). Reading Rhetorical Theory. Speech, Representation, and Power. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. https://open.lib.umn.edu/rhetoricaltheory/
Hannerz, Ulf (1996), Transnational Connections. Culture, People, Places. Routledege.
Hess, Stephen (2008). News & Newsmaking. The Brookings Institution.
Hilgartner, Stephen, y Bosk, Charles. (1988). The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 53-78.
Iyengar, Shanto, y Kinder, Donald R. (1987). News that matters: Television and American opinion. The University of Chicago Press.
Lasswell, Harold Dwight (1948). The structure and Function of Communication in Society. In Lyman Bryson (Ed.), The Communication of Ideas (pp. 32-51). Harper & Brothers.
Mangone, Emiliana (2020). Il rischio sanitario tra narrazione e stili interpretativi: la metafora del «nemico» [Health risk between narrative and interpretive styles: the metaphor of the «enemy»]. Cambio. Rivista sulle trasformazioni sociali, OpenLab on Covid-19. doi: 10.13128/cambio-9617
Mangone, Emiliana (2021a). Incertezza, futuro, narrazione [Uncertainty, future, narrative]. NaSC Free Press (University of Salerno).
Mangone, Emiliana (2021b). Le strategie di comunicazione del rischio di fronte alla pandemia da COVID-19 [Risk communication strategies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic]. In Giovanni Boccia Artieri y Manolo Farci (Eds.), Shockdown. Media, cultura, comunicazione e ricerca nella pandemia (pp. 301-320). Meltemi.
Mangone, Emiliana (2022). Narratives and Social Change. Social Reality in Contemporary Society. Springer.
Mangone, Emiliana (2023). Beyond the dichotomy egoism / altruism. Society and positive actions. [Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Huelva]. Arias Montano Repositorio Institucional. http://hdl.handle.net/10272/23461
Martinez-Brawley, Emilia, y Gualda, Estrella (2020). Transnational social implications of the use of the “war metaphor” concerning coronavirus: A birds’ eye view. Culture e Studi del Sociale, 5(1, Special), 259-272.
Martini, Elvira, Picarella, Lucia, y Mangone, Emiliana (2022). The Social Space between Border and Boundary: Is the Lockdown in Latin America a «State of Exception» or a «State of Social Exception»? International Journal of Psychoanalysis and Education: Subject, Action & Society, 2(2), 54-80. https://doi.org/10.32111/SAS.2022.2.2.6
Meyrowitz, Joshua (1985). No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior. Oxford University Press.
Merton, Robert King (1949), Social Theory and Social Structure. The Free Press.
Nguyen, Nicole (2020, 22 march), In the Coronavirus ‘Infodemic,’ Here’s How to Avoid Bad Information. Misleading information about Covid-19 spreads through texts and emails but you can protect yourself from dubious claims and reports. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-the-coronavirus-infodemic-you-can-manage-the-deluge-of-news-11584882002
Orso, Daniele, Federici, Nicola, Copetti, Roberto, Vetrugno, Luigi, y Bove, Tiziana (2020). Infodemic and the spread of fake news in the COVID-19-era. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 327-328. https://doi.org/10.1097/mej.0000000000000713
Páez, Darío, y Pérez, Juan A. (2020). Social representations of COVID-19. International Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 600-610. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1783852
Palamara, Graziano (2020). The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Fragility Factor within the International System. Culture e Studi del Sociale, 5(1, Special), 377-382.
Palenchar, Michael J. (2005). Risk communication. In Robert L. Heath (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Relations (pp. 752-755). Sage publication.
Parisier, Eli (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York.
Patton, Cindy (2011). Pandemic, Empire and the Permanent State of Exception. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(13), 103-110.
Ricœur, Paul (1984). Time and Narrative. Vol. I (K. McLaughlin y D. Pellauer, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1983).
Ricœur, Paul (1986). Life: A Story in Search of a Narrator. In M. C. Doeser y J. N. Kraay (eds.), Facts and Values (pp. 121-132). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Rocha, Yasmin Mendes, de Moura, Gabriel Acácio, Desidério, Gabriel Alves et al. (2023). The impact of fake news on social media and its influence on health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 31, 1007-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01658-z
Rothkopf, David J. (2003, 11 May). When the Buzz Bites Back. The Washington Post, p. B01. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/05/11/when-the-buzz-bites-back/bc8cd84f-cab6-4648-bf58-0277261af6cd/
Sahlins, Marshall (1985). Island of History. University of Chicago Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2005). Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. (G. Schwab, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1922).
Schmitt, Carl (2007). The Concepts of the Political. (G. Schwab, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1932).
Schütz, Alfred (1946). The Well-Informed Citizen. An Essay on the Social Distribution of Knowledge Social Research, 14(4), 463-78.
Sowden, Ryann, Borgstrom, Erica, y Selman, Lucy E. (2021). ‘It’s like being in a war with an invisible enemy’: A document analysis of bereavement due to COVID-19 in UK newspapers. PLoS ONE, 16(3), e0247904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247904
Thompson, John B. (1995). The Media and Modernity. A Social Theory of the Media. Polity Press.
Tisdall, Simon (2020, January 4). Lay off those war metaphors, world leaders. You could be the next casualty. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/21/donald-trump-boris-johnson-coronavirus
Villa, Simone, Jaramillo, Ernesto, Mangioni, Davide, Bandera, Alessandra, Gori, Andrea, y Raviglione, Mario Carlo (2020). Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(11), 1450-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.001
Wallace, Ruth A., y Wolf, Allison (1980). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Continuing the Classical Tradition. Prentice Hall.
Agamben, Giorgio (2020a). A che punto siamo? L’epidemia come politica [Where do we stand? The pandemic as a politics]. Quodlibet.
Agamben, Giorgio (2020b). Quando la casa brucia [When the house burns]. Giometti & Antonello.
Attili, Grazia, Farabollini, Francesca, y Messeri, Patrizia (1996). Il nemico ha la coda. Psicologia e biologia della violenza [The enemy has a tail. Psychology and biology of violence]. Giunti.
Barrie, Christopher, y Ho, Justin Chun-ting (2021). academictwitteR: an R package to access the Twitter Academic Research Product Track v2 API endpoint. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(62), 3272. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03272
Berger, Peter Ludwig, y Luckmann, Thomas (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Penguin Books.
Boccia Artieri, Giovanni (2023). Infodemic Disorder: Covid-19 and Post-truth. In Gevisa La Rocca, Marie-Eve Carignan, y Giovanni Boccia Artieri (Eds.), Infodemic Disorder (pp. 15-30). Palgrave Macmillan.
Candini, Valentina, Brescianini, Sonia, Chiarotti, Flavia, Zarbo, Cristina, Zamparini, Manuel, Caserotti, Marta, Gavaruzzi, Teresa, Girardi, Paolo, Lotto, Lorella, Tasso, Alessandra, Starace, Fabrizio, Calamandrei, Gemma, y de Girolamo, Giovanni (2023). Conspiracy mentality and health-related behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multiwave survey in Italy. Public Health, 214, 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2022.11.005
Czarniawska, Barbara (2004). Narratives in Social Science Research. Sage Publications.
Cohen, Stan (2002). Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The creation of the Mods and Rocker. Routledge.
Colombo, Fausto (2018). Imago pietatis. Indagine su fotografia e compassione [Imago pietatis. Investigation of photography and compassion]. Vita e Pensiero.
Cubeddu, Francesca, y Mangone, Emiliana (2024). From Risk to Emergencies: Changes in Cultural and Communication Systems in the Digital Society. Sociologia Italiana, 24, 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1485/2281-2652-202424-3
De Fina, Anna, y Georgakopoulou, Alexandra. (2008). Analysing narratives as practices. Qualitative Research, 8(3), 379-387.
Douglas, Karen M. (2021). COVID-19 conspiracy theories. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(2), 270-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220982068
Erica [@Erica43581765]. (2024, 6 December). SICURI ED EFFICACI. #BOVE #MIOCARDITE #MENTANA #ENRICOMENTANA #TGLA7 #VACCINO #RobertoSperanza #MarioDraghi #DRAGHI #morbillo #PD #PartitoDemocratico #EllySchlein #fabiofazio #xfactor #amici24 #Sinner #Fedez #Chiaraferragni #Ultimo #AngelinaMango #Elodie #Geolier #vascorossi [Imagine attached] [Post]. X (ex Twitter). https://x.com/Erica43581765/status/1864935397077205391?t=pR1r-Isu_Mim_r3C5B1cBg&s=19
Garzonio, Emma, y Nuvoli, Karen (2022). Covid-19, la «dittatura sanitaria». Uno studio comparativo della narrazione antivaccinista in Italia e Francia [Covid-19, the «Health Tiranny». A Comparative Study of the Anti-vaccination Narrative in Italy and France]. Problemi dell’informazione, 3, 383-405.
Geertz, Clifford (1977). The Interpretation of Cultures. Basic Books.
Geertz, Clifford (2001). The World in Pieces: Culture and Politics at the End of the Century. In Clifford Geertz, Available Light: Anthropological Reflections on Philosophical Topics (pp. 218-263). Princeton University Press.
Girard, René (1977). Violence and the sacred (P. Gregory, Trans.). Johns Hopkins University Press (Original work published 1972).
Girard, René (1986). The scapegoat (Y. Freccero, Trans.). Johns Hopkins University Press (Original work published 1982).
Goffman, Erving (1968). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Penguin Books.
Griswold, Wendy (1994). Cultures and Societies in a Changing World. Pine Forge Press.
Gualda, Estrella, y Rúas, Juan (2019). Conspiracy theories, credibility and trust in information. Communication and Society, 32(1), 179-193.
Gualda, Estrella, Krouwel, Andre, Palacios-Gálvez, Marisol, Morales-Marente, Elena, Rodríguez-Pascual, Iván, y García-Navarro, Esperanza Begoña (2021). Social Distancing and COVID-19: Factors Associated with Compliance with Social Distancing Norms in Spain. Frontiers in Psychoogy, 12:727225. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727225
Gualda, Estrella (ed.) (2024). Teorías de la conspiración discursos de odio en línea en la sociedad de las plataformas. Comparación de pautas en las narrativas y redes sociales sobre COVID-19, inmigrantes, refugiados, estudios de género y personas LGTBIQ+. Dykinson.
Hallsby, Atilla (2022). Reading Rhetorical Theory. Speech, Representation, and Power. University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. https://open.lib.umn.edu/rhetoricaltheory/
Hannerz, Ulf (1996), Transnational Connections. Culture, People, Places. Routledege.
Hess, Stephen (2008). News & Newsmaking. The Brookings Institution.
Hilgartner, Stephen, y Bosk, Charles. (1988). The Rise and Fall of Social Problems: A Public Arenas Model. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 53-78.
Iyengar, Shanto, y Kinder, Donald R. (1987). News that matters: Television and American opinion. The University of Chicago Press.
Lasswell, Harold Dwight (1948). The structure and Function of Communication in Society. In Lyman Bryson (Ed.), The Communication of Ideas (pp. 32-51). Harper & Brothers.
Mangone, Emiliana (2020). Il rischio sanitario tra narrazione e stili interpretativi: la metafora del «nemico» [Health risk between narrative and interpretive styles: the metaphor of the «enemy»]. Cambio. Rivista sulle trasformazioni sociali, OpenLab on Covid-19. doi: 10.13128/cambio-9617
Mangone, Emiliana (2021a). Incertezza, futuro, narrazione [Uncertainty, future, narrative]. NaSC Free Press (University of Salerno).
Mangone, Emiliana (2021b). Le strategie di comunicazione del rischio di fronte alla pandemia da COVID-19 [Risk communication strategies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic]. In Giovanni Boccia Artieri y Manolo Farci (Eds.), Shockdown. Media, cultura, comunicazione e ricerca nella pandemia (pp. 301-320). Meltemi.
Mangone, Emiliana (2022). Narratives and Social Change. Social Reality in Contemporary Society. Springer.
Mangone, Emiliana (2023). Beyond the dichotomy egoism / altruism. Society and positive actions. [Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Huelva]. Arias Montano Repositorio Institucional. http://hdl.handle.net/10272/23461
Martinez-Brawley, Emilia, y Gualda, Estrella (2020). Transnational social implications of the use of the “war metaphor” concerning coronavirus: A birds’ eye view. Culture e Studi del Sociale, 5(1, Special), 259-272.
Martini, Elvira, Picarella, Lucia, y Mangone, Emiliana (2022). The Social Space between Border and Boundary: Is the Lockdown in Latin America a «State of Exception» or a «State of Social Exception»? International Journal of Psychoanalysis and Education: Subject, Action & Society, 2(2), 54-80. https://doi.org/10.32111/SAS.2022.2.2.6
Meyrowitz, Joshua (1985). No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on Social Behavior. Oxford University Press.
Merton, Robert King (1949), Social Theory and Social Structure. The Free Press.
Nguyen, Nicole (2020, 22 march), In the Coronavirus ‘Infodemic,’ Here’s How to Avoid Bad Information. Misleading information about Covid-19 spreads through texts and emails but you can protect yourself from dubious claims and reports. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/in-the-coronavirus-infodemic-you-can-manage-the-deluge-of-news-11584882002
Orso, Daniele, Federici, Nicola, Copetti, Roberto, Vetrugno, Luigi, y Bove, Tiziana (2020). Infodemic and the spread of fake news in the COVID-19-era. European Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 327-328. https://doi.org/10.1097/mej.0000000000000713
Páez, Darío, y Pérez, Juan A. (2020). Social representations of COVID-19. International Journal of Social Psychology, 35(3), 600-610. https://doi.org/10.1080/02134748.2020.1783852
Palamara, Graziano (2020). The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Fragility Factor within the International System. Culture e Studi del Sociale, 5(1, Special), 377-382.
Palenchar, Michael J. (2005). Risk communication. In Robert L. Heath (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public Relations (pp. 752-755). Sage publication.
Parisier, Eli (2011). The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding from You. New York.
Patton, Cindy (2011). Pandemic, Empire and the Permanent State of Exception. Economic and Political Weekly, 46(13), 103-110.
Ricœur, Paul (1984). Time and Narrative. Vol. I (K. McLaughlin y D. Pellauer, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1983).
Ricœur, Paul (1986). Life: A Story in Search of a Narrator. In M. C. Doeser y J. N. Kraay (eds.), Facts and Values (pp. 121-132). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Rocha, Yasmin Mendes, de Moura, Gabriel Acácio, Desidério, Gabriel Alves et al. (2023). The impact of fake news on social media and its influence on health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Journal of Public Health, 31, 1007-1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-021-01658-z
Rothkopf, David J. (2003, 11 May). When the Buzz Bites Back. The Washington Post, p. B01. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2003/05/11/when-the-buzz-bites-back/bc8cd84f-cab6-4648-bf58-0277261af6cd/
Sahlins, Marshall (1985). Island of History. University of Chicago Press.
Schmitt, Carl (2005). Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty. (G. Schwab, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1922).
Schmitt, Carl (2007). The Concepts of the Political. (G. Schwab, Trans.). The University of Chicago Press. (Original work published 1932).
Schütz, Alfred (1946). The Well-Informed Citizen. An Essay on the Social Distribution of Knowledge Social Research, 14(4), 463-78.
Sowden, Ryann, Borgstrom, Erica, y Selman, Lucy E. (2021). ‘It’s like being in a war with an invisible enemy’: A document analysis of bereavement due to COVID-19 in UK newspapers. PLoS ONE, 16(3), e0247904. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247904
Thompson, John B. (1995). The Media and Modernity. A Social Theory of the Media. Polity Press.
Tisdall, Simon (2020, January 4). Lay off those war metaphors, world leaders. You could be the next casualty. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/21/donald-trump-boris-johnson-coronavirus
Villa, Simone, Jaramillo, Ernesto, Mangioni, Davide, Bandera, Alessandra, Gori, Andrea, y Raviglione, Mario Carlo (2020). Stigma at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(11), 1450-1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.001
Wallace, Ruth A., y Wolf, Allison (1980). Contemporary Sociological Theory: Continuing the Classical Tradition. Prentice Hall.
Publicado
2025-12-19
Cómo citar
Mangone, E. (2025). Narratives of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy from the «Invisible Enemy» to the «Health Dictatorship». Erebea. Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, 15, 9-29. https://doi.org/10.33776/EUHU/erebea.v15i.9577
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