El Espejismo de la Adherencia al Ejercicio Perfecta: Lecciones Aprendidas Sobre el Ejercicio Problemático
Palabras clave:
Adicción conductual, adicción al ejercicio, ejercicio compulsivo, dependencia al ejercicio, ejercicio obligatorio, ejercicio excesivo
Resumen
La investigación que, junto con un amplio grupo de investigadores, hemos desarrollado durante las últimas dos décadas sobre la adherencia y las dinámicas del ejercicio físico ha revelado una profunda paradoja que echa por tierra la idealización de una adherencia perfecta hacia el ejercicio físico. El objetivo principal de este artículo es describir algunas lecciones aprendidas sobre el ejercicio problemático. Este término es un término genérico adoptado ante la falta de consenso, que describe una actividad que genera un deterioro o disfunción para el individuo. Una de las lecciones aprendidas fundamentales es que la esencia del problema reside en la pérdida de control y la calidad de la motivación,operando el ejercicio problemático como un mecanismo de evasión o refugio ante carencias psicológicas básicas y problemas vitales generales. Adicionalmente, hemos constatado que el ejercicio problemático no es solo una patología individual, sino una manifestación moldeada por un régimen sociocultural que exalta la performatividad. Esta cultura complica el diagnóstico, ya que el ejercicio excesivo es a menudo celebrado como disciplina, enmascarando la compulsión patológica. Esta rigidez también se observa en el ejercicio secundario, donde la actividad se instrumentaliza para lograr metas externas como la relacionada con la tiranía de la imagen corporal (e.g., el control de peso o la dismorfia), más que por motivos de salud intrínseca. Finalmente, las lecciones sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento resaltan la insuficiencia de los instrumentos de autoinforme; se requiere una entrevista clínica para evaluar el daño real y el significado subjetivo del comportamiento. Por lo tanto, el tratamiento debe enfocarse en restaurar el control y abordar las carencias subyacentes en las necesidades psicológicas, permitiendo que el movimiento se integre de manera armoniosa en la vida.
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Ashdown-Franks, G., Firth, J., Carney, R., Carvalho, A. F., Hallgren, M., Koyanagi, A., Rosenbaum, S., Schuch, F. B., Smith, L., Solmi, M., Vancampfort, D., & Stubbs, B. (2020). Exercise as medicine for mental and substance use disorders: A meta-review of the benefits for neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01187-6
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Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359
Griffiths, M. D. (2019). The evolution of the “components model of addiction” and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 32(3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00027
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Juwono, I. D., & Szabo, A. (2021). 100 cases of exercise addiction: More evidence for a widely researched but rarely identified dysfunction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1799–1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00264-6
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Andreasson, J., & Johansson, T. (2014). The global gym: Gender, health and pedagogies. Palgrave Macmillan.
Ashdown-Franks, G., Firth, J., Carney, R., Carvalho, A. F., Hallgren, M., Koyanagi, A., Rosenbaum, S., Schuch, F. B., Smith, L., Solmi, M., Vancampfort, D., & Stubbs, B. (2020). Exercise as medicine for mental and substance use disorders: A meta-review of the benefits for neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Sports Medicine, 50(1), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01187-6
Baker, F., Griffiths, M. D., & Calado, F. (2023). Can cycling be addictive? A qualitative interview study among amateur female cyclists. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 21(3), 1746–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00624-w
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Cairney, J., McGannon, K. R., & Atkinson, M. (2018). Exercise is medicine: Critical considerations in the qualitative research landscape. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 10, 391–399. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1476010
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Corbin, C. B., Nielsen, A. B., Borsdorf, L. L., & Laurie, D. R. (1987). Commitment to physical activity. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 18, 215–222.
Crawford, R. (1980). Healthism and the medicalization of everyday life. International Journal of Health Services, 10(3), 365–388. https://doi.org/10.2190/3H2H-3XJN-3KAY-G9NY
Davis, C., Brewer, H., & Ratusny, D. (1993). Behavioral frequency and psychological commitment: Necessary concepts in the study of excessive exercising. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(6), 611–628. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00844722
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2271-7
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The “what” and “why” of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227–268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
Dinardi, J. S., Egorov, A. Y., & Szabo, A. (2021). The expanded interactional model of exercise addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 10(3), 626–631. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2021.00061
Dittmer, N., Jacobi, C., & Voderholzer, U. (2018). Compulsive exercise in eating disorders: Proposal for a definition and a clinical assessment. Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-018-0219-x
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Egorov, A. Y., & Szabo, A. (2013). The exercise paradox: An interactional model for a clearer conceptualization of exercise addiction. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 2(4), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.2.2013.4.2
Foster, A. C., Shorter, G. W., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Muscle dysmorphia: Could it be classified as an addiction to body image? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1556/JBA.3.2014.001
Freimuth, M., Moniz, S., & Kim, S. R. (2011). Clarifying exercise addiction: Differential diagnosis, co-occurring disorders, and phases of addiction. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(10), 4069–4081. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8104069
González-Cutre, D., & Sicilia, A. (2012). Motivation and exercise dependence: A study based on self-determination theory. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 83(2), 318–329.
Goodwin, H., Haycraft, E., Taranis, L., & Meyer, C. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET) in an adolescent population: Links with eating psychopathology. European Eating Disorders Review, 19(3), 269–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1109
Griffiths, M. D. (1997). Exercise addiction: A case study. Addiction Research, 5(2), 161–168.
Griffiths, M. D. (2005). A “components” model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(4), 191–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659890500114359
Griffiths, M. D. (2019). The evolution of the “components model of addiction” and the need for a confirmatory approach in conceptualizing behavioral addictions. Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 32(3), 179–184. https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2019.00027
Hausenblas, H. A., & Symons-Downs, D. (2002a). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3(2), 89–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(00)00015-7
Hausenblas, H. A., & Symons-Downs, D. (2002b). How much is too much? The development and validation of the exercise dependence scale. Psychology and Health, 17(4), 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044022000004894
Juwono, I. D., & Szabo, A. (2021). 100 cases of exercise addiction: More evidence for a widely researched but rarely identified dysfunction. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(5), 1799–1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00264-6
Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction, 112(10), 1709–1715. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13763
Meyer, C., Plateau, C. R., Taranis, L., Brewin, N., Wales, J., & Arcelus, J. (2016). The Compulsive Exercise Test: Confirmatory factor analysis and links with eating psychopathology among women with clinical eating disorders. Journal of Eating Disorders, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-016-0113-3
Meyer, C., Taranis, L., Goodwin, H., & Haycraft, E. (2011). Compulsive exercise and eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review, 19(3), 174–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.1122
Moreau, N., Larocque, E., Jaimes, A., Vinit, F., Quidu, M., & Favier-Ambrosini, B. (2023). Embodying or resisting social normativity? A carnal inquiry into exercise addiction experiences. Social Science & Medicine, 327, 115948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115948
Moreau, N., Quidu, M., & Larocque, E. (2024). On becoming an “exercise addict”: Analyzing exercise addiction processes through the sociology of dispositional and contextual plurality. Staps, 143(5), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.3917/sta.143.0099
Nicholls, K., Dean, P., & Ogden, J. (2025). Medical, subjective and objective forms of exercise dependence and the role of learning, cognitive and emotional biases. Journal of Health Psychology, 30(11), 3076–3091. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053241304561
Oberle, C. D., Watkins, R. S., & Burkot, A. J. (2018). Orthorexic eating behaviors related to exercise addiction and internal motivations in a sample of university students. Eating and Weight Disorders, 23(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-017-0470-1
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Publicado
2025-12-05
Cómo citar
Sicilia, Álvaro. (2025). El Espejismo de la Adherencia al Ejercicio Perfecta: Lecciones Aprendidas Sobre el Ejercicio Problemático. e-Motion: Revista de Educación, Motricidad e Investigación, (25). https://doi.org/10.33776/EUHU/remo.vi25.9348
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Derechos de autor 2025 Álvaro Sicilia
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